Hidraulinis Rankinis Svirtis Vožtuvas pirkti naudotą (5 346)

Sąlyga: naujas, Condition: new Delivery time: approx. 10 weeks from order Country of origin: Turkey Price: €88,113 Leasing rate: €1,415.61 Special price: €74,900 Press force: 220 tons Bending length: 3050 mm Axes: Y1 / Y2 / X axis Stroke: 265 mm Distance between uprights: 2600 mm Throat depth (side frame clearance): 450 mm Installation height: 530 mm Drive system: hydraulic Rapid traverse Y-axis: 140 mm/s Working speed Y-axis: 10 mm/s Return speed Y-axis: 140 mm/s Backgauge speed X-axis: 500 mm/s Backgauge speed R-axis: 350 mm/s Backgauge travel R-axis: 250 mm Table height: 900 mm Table width: 104 mm Oil tank: 250 l Motor power: 22 kW Length: 4250 mm Width: 1770 mm Height: 3000 mm Weight: 12,600 kg SPECIAL PROMOTION until 23.12.2025 Special price and free SKY 22 control unit Standard equipment: - 3 axes (Y1, Y2, X) - CNC CONTROL SKY 22 - Full HD graphic display 21.5" with 2D and 3D visualization of programmed part - Intuitive touch-screen operation (simple contour drawing by finger) - User-friendly programming in dialog mode, selectable in 2D or 3D mode - 2D and 3D simulation of the bending process - Automatic tool selection in 3D mode - Automatic calculation of flat length for sheet blank - Automatic bend sequence calculation - Graphic product and tool memory - Correction capability - USB ports and Ethernet connection for import, backup, and program storage - Operating system: Windows - Support for import of IGES, STEP, DXF files - Servo-driven backgauge on linear guides and ball screws - Backgauge finger blocks on double linear guides - CNC-controlled crowning - Upper tool 1010/A/75°, segmented and offset - 4-V die block 60x60 2009 (V= 16,22,35 and 50 mm) - Fiessler AKAS laser safety device mounted on upper beam - Sheet support arms on linear guides - Equipment in accordance with CE regulations - Oil filling - Operating manual in GERMAN or ENGLISH ADVANTAGES OF THE AD-S: - Greater stroke, installation height, and throat depth - Higher approach and return speeds of the upper beam - Higher backgauge speed - Backgauge fingers on double instead of single linear guides - More options available, e.g.: additional backgauge axes (e.g. Z1/Z2, Delta X, up to 6 axes), bending aids, laser angle measurement system, tandem configuration, other CNC controls… OPTIONS: - R-axis - R/Z1/Z2 axes Ndsdpfxowiquds Adied - CNC control Delem DA66 S - CNC control DELEM DA-69S 3D incl. PC software Profile-S with 3D file import capability - Hydraulic or pneumatic tool clamping for Euro or Wila tools

Sąlyga: naudotas, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, Gamybos metai: 1986, veikimo valandos: 20 h, valdymo tipas: vadovas, pavaros tipas: vadovas, darbinis plotis: 1 030 mm, apatinės sijos reguliavimas: 40 mm, Lenkimo kampas (maks.): 135 °, plieno lakšto storis (maks.): 1 mm, nerūdijančio plieno lakšto storis (maks.): 1 mm, aliuminio lakšto storis (maks.): 3 mm, bendras svoris: 615 kg, bendras ilgis: 1 800 mm, bendras plotis: 1 300 mm, bendras aukštis: 1 080 mm, Įranga: dokumentacija / vadovas, Rankiniu būdu valdoma lankstymo staklės Gamintojas: TST Tipas: XO 1000/3A Pagaminimo metai: 1986 Būklė: naudotos Labai tvirta mašina iš masyvaus ketaus. Keičiami lankstymo žiomenys iš frezuoto plieno Viršutinės sijos atidarymo plotis: 110 mm Lankstymo sijos eigos reguliavimas: 40 mm Darbinis plotis: 1.030 mm Plieno St37 lakšto storis: 1,5 mm Ndodpfoxwvhvsx Adied Aliuminio lakšto storis: 3 mm Lankstymo kampas: 135° Svoris: 615 kg Reikalingas plotas: 1.800 x 1.300 mm Yra naudotojo ir priežiūros instrukcija.

Sąlyga: naudotas, Gamybos metai: 2005, Spaudimas: 1000 t Stovų tarpas: 4100 mm Eiga: 1200 mm Atstumas tarp stalo ir slankiklio, aukščiausioje padėtyje: 2100 mm Stalo matmenys: 4000 x 2200 mm Tempimo pagalvės spaudimas stale: 360 t Tempimo pagalvės eiga stale: 300 mm Tempimo pagalvės matmenys stale: 3500 x 1600 mm Tempimo pagalvės spaudimas slankiklyje: 100 t Tempimo pagalvės eiga slankiklyje: 160 mm Tempimo pagalvės matmenys slankiklyje: 3250 x 1600 mm Slankiklio matmenys: 4000 x 2200 mm Šoninis stovų praėjimas: 1300 mm Alyvos tūris: 8000 l Variklio galia: 300,0 kW Ndedpfx Ajvuubgsdisd Užimamas plotas (PxGxA): 5,75 x 4,3 x 9,55 m Aukštis virš grindų: 7,7 m Pagaminimo metai: 1973 - Modernizuotas 2005 Su alyviniu hidrauliniu pavaros mechanizmu, hidrauliškai valdomomis tempimo pagalvėmis stale ir slankiklyje, hidrauline pjovimo smūgio slopinimo sistema Išmontuota ir sandėliuojama – prieš išmontavimą darytas vaizdo įrašas pas pardavėją

Gamybos metai: 2004, Sąlyga: naudotas, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, tuščias svoris: 9 640 kg, keliamoji galia: 45 000 kg, 20/40' hidraulinis išskleidėjas Būklė: Paruoštas eksploatacijai ir visiškai veikiantis Techninė būklė: gera Aprašymas: Be šio GAMINTOJO - MODELLIO, mūsų Oldenburgo sandėlyje turime apie 150 sunkiųjų krautuvų, konteinerių krautuvų, strėlinio krautuvo, šakinių krautuvų ir terminalinių traktorių. Aplankykite mūsų interneto svetainę – hinrichs-Forklifts. Lizingas, išperkamasis nuomos sandoris ir finansavimas palankiomis sąlygomis mums visada yra galimi. Taip pat mielai nupirksime Jūsų naudotą techniką, net jei neįsigysite jokių transporto priemonių pas mus. Skambinkite man, Marco Levermann, ir aš mielai Jums išsamiai patarsiu dėl šio GAMINTOJO - MODELLIO. Beje, mūsų krautuvų techninė dirbtuvė specializuojasi didelių įrenginių (nuo 8 t) remontuose ir atnaujinime. Taip pat maloniai pasiūlysime Jūsų transporto priemonę pardavimui komiso būdu mūsų aikštelėje. 20-40' hidraulinis išskleidėjas Ndodpfx Adexulu Tjijd

Sąlyga: naudotas, Hydraulic self-centering steady rest, Lünette, Lynette SMW AUTOBLOK Hydraulic steady rest with hydrostatic bearing Nodpfsiv Irlex Adiodd Suitable for GILDEMEISTER / MAX MÜLLER lathe MD 5 Type: SLK 8-70 N Clamping range: 8 to 70 mm Operating pressure: approx. 60 bar Steady rest base: 245 x 240 mm Design: fixed - 3 pcs. roller bearings Ø 35 mm - Roller width: 18 mm - hydraulic self-centering Dimensions (L x W x H): 350 x 250 x 550 mm Net weight: 65 kg Good condition

Sąlyga: naudotas, Gamybos metai: 2022, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, mašinos/transporto priemonės numeris: 250.713, Grynoji masė: 92 kg Ndodpexvaa Tofx Adied Keliamoji galia: 600 kg Sukraunama iki 3 vnt. Išoriniai matmenys: plotis 2500 mm, gylis 1150 mm, aukštis 1800 mm Kiekis: 500 vienetų

Sąlyga: naujas, Condition: New Delivery time: approx. 10 weeks from order Country of origin: Turkey Price: €100,920 Leasing rate: €1,907.39 Pressing force: 220 tons Bending length: 4050 mm Axes: Y1 / Y2 / X axis Stroke: 265 mm Nsdpfx Adewirwgsiodd Distance between uprights: 3600 mm Side frame depth: 450 mm Installation height: 530 mm Drive concept: Hydraulic Rapid traverse Y-axis: 160 mm/s Working speed Y-axis: 10 mm/s Return speed Y-axis: 140 mm/s Backgauge speed X-axis: 500 mm/s Backgauge speed R-axis: 350 mm/s Backgauge travel R-axis: 250 mm Table height: 900 mm Table width: 104 mm Oil tank: 250 l Motor power: 22 kW Length: 5250 mm Width: 1770 mm Height: 3000 mm Weight: 14,750 kg Standard equipment: - 3 axes (Y1, Y2, X) - CNC control DT-15 - 15" 2D graphical display - Intuitive touch-screen operation (easy bend contour drawing with finger) - User-friendly dialog-based programming - Automatic bending sequence calculation - Automatic flat length calculation for sheet metal blanks - Graphical product and tool memory - Correction functionality - USB interfaces for backup and program transfer - PC software allowing programs to be written on a PC and then transferred to the machine via USB - Servo-driven backgauge on linear guides and ball screws - Backgauge stop blocks on double linear guides - CNC-controlled crowning - Upper tool 1010/A/75°, segmented and offset - 4-V die block 60x60 2009 (V= 16, 22, 35, and 50 mm) - Fiessler AKAS laser safety device mounted on upper beam - Sheet support arms on linear guide - Equipment according to CE regulations - Oil fill - Operating manual in GERMAN or ENGLISH BENEFITS OF THE AD-S SERIES: - Increased stroke, installation height, and throat depth - Higher approach and return speed of the upper beam - Higher backgauge speed - Backgauge fingers on double rather than single linear guides - More available options, e.g., additional backgauge axes (e.g., Z1/Z2, Delta X, up to 6 axes), bending aids, laser angle measuring system, tandem version, alternative CNC controls… OPTIONS: - R-axis - R/Z1/Z2 axes - DBend, 3D CAD/CAM import and simulation software (STEP, IGES, and DXF file import) - CNC control SKY22 - CNC control Delem DA66 S - CNC control DELEM DA-69S 3D incl. PC software Profile-S with 3D file import capability - Quick-action clamping levers for the upper tool

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), 1. Intra elektrinis krautuvas 2. Allpax padėklų vežimėlis su svarstyklėmis 2000 kg Ndodsxqzprspfx Adisd

Sąlyga: naudotas, Gamybos metai: 1982, Pressure: 200 t Column gap: 1650 mm Stroke: 600 mm Distance table/ram, max. stroke at top, adjustment at top: 1200 mm Table size: 1600 x 1250 mm Ndedpfjxwdrvox Adiod Blank holder force: 80 t Blank holder stroke: 300 mm Blank holder area: 1300 x 900 mm Table height above floor level: 800 mm Ram area: 1600 x 1250 mm Oil capacity: 2000 l Drive power: 43.0 kW Weight: 25.0 t Required space (W x D x H): 2.9 x 2.3 x 5.8 m Height below floor level: 0.85 m Approved for hand-feeding operations according to German accident prevention regulations (UVV) with oil-hydraulic drive, pressure/time and stroke-dependent control, hydraulic blank holder in the table, ejector in the ram, hydraulic shear impact damping with motorized adjustable depth stop, ram locking, two-hand operation as is, without commissioning

Sąlyga: geras (naudotas), Hydraulic press, single-column press, C-frame press, oil-hydraulic press, hydraulic single-column press - Handover: as is, as inspected - Note: without hydraulic power unit and control system - Pressing force: 40 t Njdpjupbdgefx Adijdd - Piston rod: Ø 105 mm - Max. stroke: 710 mm - Mounting plate: 550 x 800 x 45 mm - Mounting plate boreholes: Ø 18 mm - Dimensions: 890/1570/H610 mm - Weight: 826 kg

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 1995, FLUIDPROGRESS mobile hydraulic power unit 1.6 dm³/min 160 bar Type: 25TE1.6 160/JD 24V Year of manufacture: approx. 1995 Rated operating pressure: 120 bar Three-part system. Operating pressure: max. 160 bar Flow rate: approx. 1.6 dm³/min. Tank capacity: 200 litres Motor power: 0.75 kW Power supply: 380 Volt, 50 Hz Electric hydraulic valve ATOS ORSTA Hydraulics Required space: Length: 1020 mm, Width: 610 mm, Height: 1000 mm Net weight: approx. 250 kg Ndjdpoi Dnpxefx Adiod If you require further information, we are here to help! Please contact us via the contact form or call us. Your listing has been automatically translated. Translation errors are possible.

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), Working width: 1010 mm Maximum sheet thickness at 370 N/mm²: 1.5 mm Upper beam opening: 80 mm Minimum bending width: 10 x s mm Minimum internal radius: 1.5–2 x s mm Adjustment range of bending beam: approx. 40 mm Maximum bending angle: 130° Dimensions (L x W x H): 1650 x 500 x 1400 mm Weight: 380 kg Accessories / Special Features: • Upper tool, 45° bending rail • Flat rail on bending beam • Degree scale with stop • Counterweight balancing • Heavy-duty cast iron design • Easy adjustment of upper beam via spindle • Versatile range of applications Njdpfewg Ru Esx Adiedd • Bending tools suitable for narrow and wide sheets, allowing for precision bending • Angle adjustment with degree scale • Effortless bending thanks to counterweight Siegfried Volz Werkzeugmaschinen Rüschebrinkstr. 151-153 DE - 44143 Dortmund - Wambel

Sąlyga: visiškai atnaujintas (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 1996, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, mašinos/transporto priemonės numeris: 2269, bendras aukštis: 2 700 mm, stalo aukštis: 900 mm, įrengimo aukštis: 300 mm, bendras plotis: 1 500 mm, bendras ilgis: 1 700 mm, spaudimo jėga: 80 t, stalo plotis: 400 mm, stalo ilgis: 400 mm, darbinis greitis: 300 mm/s, bendras svoris: 2 600 kg, atbulinės eigos greitis: 180 mm/s, atstumo lentelė iki stūmoklio: 300 mm, įvesties srovės tipas: trifazis, eigos ilgis: 180 mm, alyvos bako talpa: 200 l, įėjimo įtampa: 400 V, presavimo greitis: 15 mm/s, Įranga: apsaugos šviesos užtvara, dokumentacija / vadovas, 2010 m. presas buvo perstatytas pagal naujausius saugos reikalavimus. Nedpfexyx Abex Adijdd

Gamybos metai: 2002, Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), Manufacturer: GBS Year of manufacture: 2002 Weight: 350 kg Working length: 3300 mm Tube thickness: 12 and 15 mm 2 heads, force: 2 t Nedpfx Adjmv Hz Ieiedd

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 1990, spaudimo jėga: 5 t, stalo plotis: 400 mm, stalo ilgis: 340 mm, bendras svoris: 400 kg, atbulinės eigos greitis: 360 mm/s, įvesties srovės tipas: trifazis, darbinio aukščio: 385 mm, eigos ilgis: 150 mm, įėjimo įtampa: 200 V, Įranga: apsaugos šviesos užtvara, Hydraulic Press JAM HYP-505H in very good condition for sale Manufacturer: JAM Model: HYP-505H Year of manufacture: 1990 Pressing force: 50 kN (5 t) Nedpfx Aowin Emediedd Stroke length: 150 mm Working height: 385 mm Table size: 400 × 340 mm Punching hole: Ø 25 × 60 mm Ram speed: 260 mm/s Pressing speed: 39 mm/s Ram return speed: 360 mm/s Pressure range: 7.7 MPa Safety light curtain Two-hand operation Power supply: 3-phase, 200 V, 1.5 kW, 10 A Weight: 400 kg Hydraulic oil capacity: 25 litres Height (mm): 1070 Width (mm): 670 Length (mm): 1060

Sąlyga: beveik kaip naujas (naudotas), Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, bendras svoris: 200 kg, Gamybos metai: 2000, spaudimo jėga: 2 t, gerklės gylis: 150 mm, Hydraulic Press Atsugi Model AP-2-M Load Capacity Range: 5–20 kN Ndjdpfx Adjvbdyfjiod Stroke (mm): 150 Operating Speed: 60 mm/s Rapid Advance Speed: 73.8 mm/s Ready for Operation Operating Area Open Height: 250 mm Open Depth: 150 mm Table Size: 450x320 mm Motor Specification: 3-phase AC 200V 4-pole 1.5 kW Two-hand operation. Mobile work table Hydraulic Oil / Quantity: Daphni Hydraulic 46 / 6L Total Weight (kg): 200 Dimensions Height (mm): 987 Width (mm): 505 Depth (mm): 735

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 2013, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, DMN-WESTINGHOUSE PTD plug deflectors are specifically designed for the conveying of powders and pellets with minimal interference in pneumatic conveying systems. PTD plug-type deflector plates are used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, plastics, food, and other related industries. Smooth product flow is ensured by precision machining, excellent sealing, and completely unobstructed passage. The user-friendly, foolproof design allows for quick internal inspection, cleaning, and gasket replacement on site if necessary. The PTD design complies with all applicable workplace safety regulations. As a result, there are no moving parts on the outside. Pressure up to 3 bar g with static seals PTD 80 Housing made of aluminium, pipe in stainless steel Ø 76.1 x 2.0 mm Nsdpfxjmgb Hhj Adiedd Pneumatic operation 5/2-way valve with two coils, 24 V DC Supplied with 2 inductive limit switches

Sąlyga: beveik kaip naujas (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 1991, bendras aukštis: 987 mm, bendras plotis: 505 mm, bendras ilgis: 735 mm, gerklės gylis: 125 mm, spaudimo jėga: 3 t, stalo plotis: 410 mm, stalo ilgis: 320 mm, darbinis greitis: 47 mm/s, alyvos bako talpa: 6 l, įėjimo įtampa: 200 V, ATSUGI 3-ton hydraulic press for sale in like-new condition Atsugi Model AP-3-M Usable load range: 6–30 kN Stroke: 150 mm Operating speed: 46.7 mm/s Nedpsv Sd Anjfx Adiedd Approach speed: 56.7 mm/s Two-hand operation Mobile workbench Working area: Open height: 250 mm Open depth: 125 mm Table size: 410 x 320 mm Motor specification: 3-phase AC 200 V, 4P, 1.5 kW Two-hand operation Mobile workbench Hydraulic oil / volume: 6 liters Total weight: 200 kg Dimensions: Height: 987 mm Width: 505 mm Depth: 735 mm

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), FLUTEC Hydraulic Ring Hydraulic Power Unit Pump type: Flutec PT-300/2.0, 23 cm³/min, max. 350 bar Axial piston pump: Parker PV032R Year of manufacture: approx. 1998 Rated operating pressure: max. 350 bar Three-part system. Flow rate: approx. Tank capacity: 150 litres Motor power: 5.5 kW Power supply: 380 Volt, 50 Hz Electric hydraulic valve SEF 5-25, 65 l/min Nodjk Nmlyopfx Adijdd Dimensions (L x W x H): 800 mm x 650 mm x 1000 mm Own weight: approx. 300 kg

Sąlyga: naudotas, Manufacturer: Bucher Nodpsuf Sfxjfx Adiodd Pressure (pmax): 100 bar Maximum flow rate: 171 l/min Speed: 1450 rpm Shaft diameter: 40 mm Flange diameter: 127 mm Pitch circle diameter: 181 mm Weight: 40 kg

Sąlyga: beveik kaip naujas (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 2007, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, spaudimo jėga: 10 t, stalo plotis: 430 mm, stalo ilgis: 410 mm, bendras svoris: 550 kg, ATSUGI 10 Ton Hydraulic Press for Sale in Like-New Condition Model: Atsugi AP-10-KL Year of Manufacture: 2007 Usable Load Range: 40–100 kN Stroke: 200 mm Ram Speed (Approach Rapid Speed): 350 mm/s Ram Speed (Slow Speed under Pressure): 180 mm/s Return Speed: 200 mm/s Specification: Open Height: 350 mm Open Depth: 225 mm Table Size: 430 x 410 mm Motor Specification: 3-phase AC 200 V, 4P, 1.5 kW Two-hand control. Mobile workbench. Operating Oil / Volume: Daphni Hydraulic 46 / 9L Total Weight: 500 kg Dimensions: Height: 1,325 mm Width: 485 mm Nsdpfxsv Sd Htj Adisdd Depth: 915 mm

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 2005, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, gerklės gylis: 180 mm, spaudimo jėga: 5 t, stalo plotis: 450 mm, stalo ilgis: 320 mm, darbinis greitis: 300 mm/s, bendras svoris: 270 kg, įvesties srovės tipas: trifazis, alyvos bako talpa: 9 l, Hydraulic Press Atsugi AP-5-KL Load capacity range: 20–50 kN Stroke (mm): 150 Descent speed (approach speed): 350 mm/s Operating speed (slow speed under pressure): 36 mm/s Return speed: 250 mm/s Ready for operation Working area Open height: 250 mm Open depth: 180 mm Table dimensions: 450 x 50 mm Motor specification: 3-phase AC 200V, 4-pole, 1.5 kW Two-hand operation Mobile worktable Hydraulic oil/type & quantity: Daphni Hydraulic 46 / 9L Total weight (kg): 270 Overall dimensions Ndodpfx Asvbdpyedijd Height (mm): 986 Width (mm): 485 Depth (mm): 920

Sąlyga: beveik kaip naujas (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 2018, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, spaudimo jėga: 3 t, Įranga: apsaugos šviesos užtvara, As-new HYUNDAE CETTA HHP-3 hydraulic press for sale "Multiple units available" Manufacturer: HYUNDAE (Korea) Model: HHP-3 Year of manufacture: 2018 Load range: 1–3 tons Stroke [mm]: 150 Working height: 250 mm Safety light curtain Two-hand operation Movable work table Hyundae press control Ram closing speed: 178 mm/s Nedovbd U Aepfx Adisdd Ram pressing speed: 54 mm/s Opening speed: 79 mm/s Table size: 450 x 360 mm Max. working pressure: 60 kg·f/m² Hydraulic motor: 1.5 kW, 3-phase/4-pole, 200 V Weight: 350 kg Machine height (without table): 1415 mm Machine length: 950 mm Machine width: approx. 700 mm Work table with rollers or leveling screws

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), galia: 2,21 kW (3,00 AG), Var-Spe 10.15/067B/BZ hidraulinis variatorius /ct1855/ Įėjimo velenas: Ø28 mm Nodpfxjrxd Axe Adiedd Išėjimo velenas: Ø32 mm Galia: 2,2 kW 3AG Greičio diapazonas: 0-900 / 0-1430 aps./min Montavimo padėtis: Horizontali B3

Sąlyga: labai geros būklės (naudotas), Gamybos metai: 1990, Funkcionalumas: visiškai funkcionalus, spaudimo jėga: 5 t, stalo plotis: 400 mm, stalo ilgis: 340 mm, bendras svoris: 500 kg, Įranga: apsaugos šviesos užtvara, Hydraulic Press JAM HYP-505H Press Machine in Excellent Condition for Sale Manufacturer: JAM Model: HYP-505H Year of manufacture: 1990 Capacity: 50 kN (5 t) Stroke length: 150 mm Open height: 385 mm Table size: 400 × 340 mm Nsdev Sd S Nopfx Adiedd Punch hole: φ25 × 60L mm Ram approach speed: 260 mm/s Pressing speed: 39 mm/s Ram return speed: 360 mm/s Pressure range: 7.7 MPa Safety light barrier Voltage: 3-phase 200 V, 1.5 kW, 10 A Press body weight: 400 kg Hydraulic oil: 20 liters Height (mm): 1070 Width (mm): 670 Length (mm): 1060 If you require further information, we are at your disposal! Please feel free to contact us via the contact form or give us a call. Your listing was translated automatically. Translation errors may occur.